Case Study of a Philosophical Argument of Francis Bacon Assignment

Contextual investigation of a Philosophical Argument of Francis Bacon - Assignment Example The fundamental system of Bacon's hypothesis can be summarized by saying that he demanded that a decent researcher ought not be a subterranean insect and carelessly accumulate information however nor should he be a creepy crawly and turn void speculations. Any great researcher will lie somewhere close to the two, and accumulate information and detail hypotheses and logical realities from these perceptions of nature. This idea of Bacon's has been credited with maybe setting the ball moving on the immense measure of logical advances made in the seventeenth century, just on the grounds that the old strategies didn't depend on perception and thought. Bacon accepted, as researchers do today, that science is something that ought to follow certain frameworks and methods. Experimentation is key since it drives individuals to reality, instead of something that essentially moves their very own thoughts and wants. Truth is at last what we focus on in science today, and it appears to be odd this would be a clever thought in the seventeenth century, yet Bacon's way of thinking was one of the first to propose target experimentation as a technique in science In any case, despite the fact that this may sound evident to the advanced peruser, there are some philosophical contentions that have been utilized for and against the thoughts of Bacon. For instance, the logical strategy depends on perceptions, however there is additionally the point that the faculties themselves are problematic and can prompt predisposition, regardless of whether we free our brains from symbols or not. It is hard to tell whether our perceptions on nature and science are genuine as a result of how they work.; optical dreams are a genuine case of a contention against logical request thusly. Notwithstanding, it must be recommended that there are no different methods of watching any logical request separated from to utilize the faculties, since they are all we have. All tests depend on estimations, pictures or results that must be seen to be noted down and to frame speculations from them. There is almost no else a researcher can do when it

Economic role of the government Essay

Financial frameworks are distinguished by how they answer the three inquiries of what, how, and for whom to deliver. Also, they are hypothetical portrayals of economies found all through the world that show the dispersion of control among individuals and the administration. The financial frameworks exist on a continuum, with order economies on one side and the free markets on the opposite side. The United States has a free market economy however with a striking measure of government intercession, thusly it has a blended economy. The administration goes about as a supplier and controller of the United States’ blended economy through setting legitimate cutoff points and reasonable approaches for monetary capacities for the individuals. In the United States, choices are made by people going about as members inside the market. The bureaucratic, state, and nearby governments, in any case, make laws ensuring private property and managing certain territories of business. Drilled in the United States today, private enterprise would be best characterized as a monetary framework wherein people own the elements of creation, yet conclude how to utilize them inside enacted limits. About indistinguishable from private enterprise, the free endeavor framework is another definition for the American economy. The free undertaking framework underlines that people are allowed to claim and control parts of creation, yet develops the way that administration places legitimate limitations on opportunity of big business. Zoning guidelines, kid work laws, dangerous waste principles, and different guidelines limit free venture to secure the foreseen business person and their environmental factors. At the point when such standards are built up, opportunity has is limits and is viewed as a benefit. Purchasers in a market economy have the upside of having the option to pick among items. Differentiating to opportunity of big business, opportunity of decision applies to just the purchasers, not the venders. Despite the fact that purchasers are allowed to settle on decisions, the market has developed into an inexorably unpredictable spot. A consumer’s decision decides the achievement or disappointment of a decent or administration. The benefit motivating force is the longing to make a benefit. This inspires business people to set up new organizations, grow existing ones, and change the sorts of products and enterprises delivered. The administration has interceded in different regions of the economy to secure purchasers. From a basic requirementâ for organizations to put notice names on conceivably risky items to directing the costs that an organization may charge, the legislature mediates in organization dealings to help keep all buyers generally fulfilled and secure in their buys. One of the most significant attributes of private enterprise and free venture is the privilege to private property. That is, property not claimed by administrative, state, or neighborhood governments, but instead held by an individual or people. The option to all property-land, business, autos, and whatever else the individual can bear the cost of helps in the creation of riches and success for all. As indicated by the Constitution, the legislature has no capacity to hold onto private property except if installment is given to the person. What are known as the privileges of property are the rights to hazard speculation and gain better approaches for creating while at the same time learning the advantages and destructions of proprietorship. Among the financial objectives of Americans are monetary opportunity, financial security, monetary steadiness, and financial development. To get these objectives, singular conclusions alongside government choices must fall into balance. So as to have a well-working endeavor framework, people are required to take on certain monetary obligations. Such obligations incorporate endeavoring to ascend as a fruitful business visionary and getting the information on conceivable government approaches while breaking down the results of those arrangements. The United States represents the attributes of a blended economy by consolidating opportunity of decision, the longing to make benefit, and the privilege to property with government guidelines.

Healthy Minds Student Diet and Health Concerns - Free Essay Example

Healthy Minds: Student Diet and Health Concerns Introduction The obesity epidemic observed in the UK and other Western nations over the past two decades has increased the focus on eating habits of the nation (James, 2008, p. S120). Obesity, most often caused by prolonged poor diet, is associated with an increased risk of several serious chronic illnesses, including diabetes, hypertension and hyperlipidaemia, as well as possibly being associated with increased risk of mental health issues including depression (Wyatt et al., 2006, p. 166). In an attempt to promote better health of the population and reduce the burden of obesity and related health conditions on the NHS, the recent government white paper Healthy Lives, Healthy People (HM Government, 2010, p. 19) has identified improvements in diet and lifestyle as a priority in public health policy. The design of effective interventions for dietary behaviour change may rely on having a thorough understanding of the factors determining individual behaviour. Although there has been a great deal of research published on eating habits of adults and school children (e.g. Raulio et al., 2010, p. 987) there has been much less investigation of the university student subpopulation, particularly within the UK. This may be important given that the dietary choices of general populations vary markedly across different countries and cultures, including within the student population (Yahia et al., 2008, p. 32; Dodd et al., 2010, p. 73). This essay presents a discussion of t he current research available on the eating habits of UK undergraduate students, including recent work being undertaken at Coventry University (Arnot, 2010, online). The essay then describes a small study conducted to supplement this research, using data collected from six students at a different university, exploring the influences which underpin the decisions made by students relating to their diet. The results of this study are presented and used to derive a set of recommendations for both a localized intervention and a national plan, targeted at university students, to improve dietary behaviour. Eating Habits of University Students It is widely accepted that students leaving home to attend university are likely to experience a significant shift in their lifestyle, including their diet, and this is supported by research evidence from the UK and other European countries (Papadaki et al., 2007, p. 169). This may encompass increased alcohol intake, reduced intake of fruit and vegetables, and increased intake of processed or fatty foods, as well as impacting on overall eating patterns (Arnot, 2010, online; Dodd et al., 2010, p. 73; Spanos Hankey, 2010, p. 102). Results of a study including 80 undergraduate students from Scotland found that around a quarter of participants never consumed breakfast (Spanos Hankey, 2010, p. 102). Skipping breakfast habitually has been shown to be associated with increased risk of obesity and overweight amongst adolescents (Croezen et al., 2009, p. 405). The precise reasons for this are not entirely clear, although it could be due to increased snacking, on energy-dense, high-fat foods later in the day. This is based on the remainder of the results reported by Spanos and Hankey (2010, p. 102) which showed that three-quarters of students regularly used vending machines, snacking on chocolate bars and crisps; this was also shown to be significantly associated with body mass index (BMI). Some studies have suggested that there may be different patterns of unhealthy eating amongst male and female groups of students. For example research conducted by Dr. Ricardo Costa and Dr. Farzad Amirabdollahian at Coventry University found that male students may be at risk of what they term â€Å"disordered eating patterns†. In addition, the study also suggests that males are at greater risk of not eating five portions of fruit and vegetables per day. This research is based on a substantial sample size, using data derived from in-depth interviews with approximately 130 undergraduates, although there are plans to increase this to include nearly 400 participants. It is acknowledged by the researchers that this may represent only those events occurring at one university, although there are also plans to expand the study sample across another two universities in the future (Arnot, 2010, online). However, not all studies published support the existence of gender differences in eating behaviours. For example, research into risk factors for an unhealthy lifestyle reported by Dodd et al. (2010, p. 75) found that there were no differences in gender when measuring rates of eating five portions of fruit or vegetables per day. Factors in Dietary Change It is unsurprising that students dietary habits change when leaving home to attend university, since it has been identified that life transitions form a major factor in influencing eating habits (Lake et al., 2009, p. 1200). Studies have suggested that the dietary shift is most likely due to young adults leaving the family home and assuming responsibility for meal planning and preparation for the first time. This is supported by observations that university students who remain living at the family home may maintain a relatively healthier lifestyle than those moving out of home (Papadaki et al., 2007, p. 169). Early results from a Coventry University study also support this as a major factor, as it has been identified that cooking skills may be very limited amongst undergraduates, with the exception of mature students (Arnot, 2010, online). Early results from Coventry University suggest that there is little evidence within their sample of any significant differences in eating habit s between students from different social backgrounds (Arnot, 2010, online). Arnot (2010, online) identifies that any trends in eating habits within the undergraduate population may reflect a phase, which the individuals may grow out of naturally. Lake et al. (2009, p. 1200) also suggest that changes in eating habits may simply be due to the life transition associated with the general maturation process, moving from adolescence to adulthood. This would then suggest that eating habit changes may be consistent across all groups of young adults, not differentiated within the undergraduate population. However, it is possible that the relationship between other factors such as stress may make the situation more complex, with university students possibly experiencing higher stress levels, therefore at increased risk of weight gain associated with diet change (Serlachius et al., 2007, p. 548). Barriers and Facilitators to Healthy Eating A systematic review of studies by Shepherd et al. (2005, p. 239) found that the major barriers to healthy eating included access to healthy foods, relative prices and personal preference, for example liking fast foods. This study also identified a lack of provision of healthy school meals as a major barrier, reflecting the fact that this review focused on exploring healthy eating in secondary school children, aged 11 to 16 years. It is therefore different barriers are most important in the university student population, as this group take a greater level of responsibility for their own food choices. For example, evidence from the Coventry University study suggests that while undergraduate males were influenced by media images and were motivated to look good, this did not necessarily translate to improved healthy food choices. Instead, this appears to be associated with an increased risk of disordered eating within this group, alongside increased use of supplements such as protei n powders, creatine and amino acids. This approach also led to increased intake of protein-rich foods but very little fruit and vegetable intake. It would be anticipated that factors such as availability and cost may still be important factors in this group. The systematic review by Shepherd (2005, p. 239) suggested that support from family and friends, high levels of availability of healthy foods, an interest and desire to maintain appearance, and will-power were all major facilitators of eating healthily. Again, it is possible that different factors may be considered important within the university student population, who are older and have greater responsibility for their eating habits. Methodology The short review of the literature presented thus far in the essay demonstrates that there is still only a limited understanding of the underlying factors influencing eating habits in undergraduate students. Yet this is the information which is required if effective behavioural change interventions are to be designed and disseminated. Research Aims The aim of this small study was to investigate the decision-making processes which underlie the decisions of undergraduate students with regards to eating behaviours, including influences over these decisions. This could then be used alongside other published material to design a social marketing strategy on both a local and national level to improve healthy eating within this group. Study Sample A total of six undergraduate students from Manchester University were recruited to participate in the research. Convenience sampling was used to recruit participants to the study sample. Posters were displayed within the business school at the university, requesting participants to attend research focus groups. Eight participants contacted the researcher, but two subsequently withdrew, leaving a sample of four female and two male students. No further inclusion or exclusion criteria were applied to participants, other than that they were current undergraduate students at the university. This method of sampling may not provide a truly representative sample, therefore it may be difficult to generalize the results to the wider population of interest (Babbie, 2010, p. 192). However, this was the most appropriate recruitment approach given the limited time and budget constraints for the project. The diversity of the study sample would also suggest that there was little bias introduced. Focus Group Methods Focus groups were selected for data collection from study participants. Focus groups may be particularly useful for gaining an understanding of topics with a group behaviour element, but have also been shown to be very useful in the field of marketing for understanding the impact of marketing stimuli. They were considered to be of particular use in this instance as they allow integrated exploration of associations between lifestyle factors and reactions to marketing materials (Stewart et al., 2007, pp. 2-9). The focus group was arranged for a two-hour session on one morning, and was moderated by the author. The entire session was video recorded so as to allow for further analysis of responses and behavioural cues at a later date. All participants were given assurance that their responses would remain anonymous and confidential and permission was sought to record the session before it began. Participants were also given information at the beginning of the session as to the purpos e of the data collection, and were given opportunity to ask any questions, before being asked to provide consent for participation (Litosseliti, 2003, pp. 70-71). The focus group began with some short introductory questions to break the ice between participants (Litosseliti, 2003, p. 73), before moving on to focus on the topic of interest: eating behaviours and potential influences. The questions included in the moderator guide, which was prepared to facilitate the focus group, are included in Box 1. Box 1: Focus group questions Tell me a little about what you would eat in a typical day. Do you find that you eat regular meals? What types of foods do you most like to eat? Would you say that you eat many snacks? What type of snacks do you eat? Is there anything you can think of that affects this – for example, do you eat differently on different days of the week? How would you describe your cooking abilities – do you find it easy to plan meals and cook and prepare food? How does the way you eat now compare to how you used to eat before coming to university? Do you find that you eat differently when you go home for the weekend or for holidays? Would you say that you have any concerns about the way in which you eat? How do you think that the way in which you eat affects your health? Are you at all concerned about whether the way you eat affects how you look? What type of things affect whether you choose healthy foods over non-healthy foods? Do you find it difficult to find/purchase healthy food? Would cost have any impact on whether the food you buy is healthy? Study Results Overall, the results of the focus group suggested that the students in the sample had experienced a significant change in eating habits since leaving home to attend university. Although the daily eating patterns of participants differed significantly, all felt that they ate a less healthy diet since leaving home. The main difference noted was that regular meals were eaten less often, with several participants reporting that they skipped breakfast regularly, and that other meals were eaten based on convenience rather than at a regular time each day. Most participants agreed that their eating patterns did differ on a daily basis. In particular, weekends were noted to follow more regular eating patterns, but often involve higher levels of alcohol and unhealthy foods such as takeaways. Participants also generally agreed that they returned to a healthier way of eating when returning home for the weekend or for holidays. The actual components of diet varied widely across participan ts. While some participants reported that they regularly ate five portions of fruit and vegetables per day, others indicated that they ate only low levels. Four participants agreed that they ate convenience foods and takeaways on a regular basis, and it was acknowledged that these were usually calorie-dense, high fat foods. All participants also agreed that they ate snacks on a regular basis, particularly where it was inconvenient to eat meals at regular intervals, and where breakfast was skipped. One participant reported that they felt that their snacking was healthy, however, as they usually snacked on fruit, nuts or seeds rather than chocolate bars or crisps. Given the small sample size and selection procedures, it was difficult to determine whether differences could be attributed to characteristics of the participants, for example gender (Babbie, 2010, p. 192). There were a number of factors which influenced food choices which emerged from the focus group. The major factor appeared to be convenience. The patterns of meals which were eaten were largely driven by having the time to prepare and food, or having access to healthy foods which could be purchased and eaten within the university campus. Participants also agreed that cost played a major factor. Only two participants agreed that their low level of cooking ability had any role in how healthy their diet was. The other participants claimed that while they could cook, convenience, cost and motivation were major barriers to doing so. Food preferences were also a major factor in determining food choices, with all except one participant agreeing that they enjoyed fast food and several reporting that they preferred unhealthy foods to healthy ones. In spite of this, three participants reported that they did try to limit how often they ate fast foods, as it was acknowledged that it was bad for their health to eat them regularly. In spite of this, the food choices of participants did not appear t o be driven overall by concern over their health. Participants suggested that while they were aware of how their diet could impact on their health, other factors were more important influences. Similarly, only one participant agreed that maintaining the way that they looked played any role in influencing their dietary choices. Social Marketing Strategy Design Social marketing, first proposed as a public health tool in the 1970s, refers to the application of marketing techniques, using communication and delivery to encourage behaviour change. Such a strategy follows a sequential planning process which includes market research and analysis, segmentation, setting of objectives, and identifying appropriate strategies and tools to meet these objectives (DH, 2008, online). The literature review and focus group discussed thus far comprise the market research and analysis components of this process, with the remaining steps addressed below. Market Segmentation Market segmentation may be performed according to geographic distinctions, demographics or psychographic characteristics (Health Canada, 2004, online). Based on the limited amount of information which is available so far, it would be difficult to segment the market geographically, as it is unclear whether differences exist according to which university is attended. The demographics of undergraduate students may also be largely shared, with literature indicating that social background may hold little influence over eating habits within this subpopulation, and only limited evidence of any difference between genders (Arnot, 2010, online; Dodd et al., 2010, p. 75). Instead, it may be preferential to segment on the basis of psychographic characteristics, according to shared knowledge, attitudes and beliefs with regard to changing dietary behaviour. The â€Å"Stages of Change† model proposed by Prochaska and DiClemente may be a useful tool to guide this segmentation, in whi ch any change in behaviour is suggested to occur in six steps: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance and termination (Tomlin Richardson, 2004, pp. 13-6). Those in the precontemplative stage do not see their behaviour as a problem (Tomlin Richardson, 2004, p. 14), therefore targeting this segment could be targeted with a marketing campaign to increase knowledge. Evidence from the US would appear to indicate that higher levels of knowledge regarding dietary guidelines may be associated with better dietary choices, although there is little evidence which shows direct causality (Kolodinsky et al., 2007, p. 1409). Given the many different factors which appear to contribute to unhealthy diets amongst students, simply increasing knowledge may be insufficient to generate any significant improvements. This is further supported by current healthy eating initiatives aimed at the general population, such as the 5 A Day campaign, which incorporates additional, prac tical information, rather than simply educating people on the need to eat more fresh food (NHS Choices, 2010, online). Those in the contemplative stage are aware that they need to change, but dont really want to. It would be unlikely that targeting a marketing campaign at this group would have any significant effect (Tomlin Richardson, 2004, p. 15). Once individuals reach the action stage, they are actively initiating or maintaining a change, until the initial issue is finally resolved in the termination stage (Tomlin Richardson, 2004, pp. 15-6). Instead, it would be better to target those in the preparation stage, who have made the decision to change but may be unclear about how to initiate this change. Here, improving knowledge, but also providing information on effective ways in which to change behaviour, may be the most appropriate strategy, as that adopted by the 5 A Day campaign. Strategy Objectives Based on the information generated from the focus study, along with that from other research, the main aim of the strategy should be to improve the overall diet of undergraduate students. There already exist campaigns such as the 5 A Day campaign which aim to encourage eating more fruit and vegetables (NHS Choices, 2010, online). The main issues within the undergraduate group instead appear to lie in choosing unhealthy foods, or skipping meals, due to convenience and cost. Therefore this is where the campaign should focus. The following objectives may therefore be identified: 1. Reduce the number of undergraduate students experiencing disordered eating patterns. 2. Improve knowledge and awareness within the undergraduate student population of tasty, cost-effective, convenient alternatives to takeaways and other junk foods. National Plan The national strategy would comprise of two main arms. The first would be an educational campaign, which would be targeted specifically at the segment described above, therefore focusing on providing practical information to assist healthy eating choices amongst students. This appears to have been moderately successful with the 5 A Day campaign within the general population (Capacci Mazzocchi, 2011, p. 87). Evidence from the US suggests that within the undergraduate population specifically, providing information which is directly relevant to their lifestyle may also be effective (Pires et al., 2008, p. 16). This campaign would be run through national media, as the evidence suggests that such campaigns are associated not only with increased knowledge, but also moderate levels of behaviour change (Noar, 2006, p. 21). Online and social media campaigns may also be effective based on previous case studies. For example, the Kirklees Up For It project found that running a campaign whi ch utilized Facebook alongside its own Website was a successful way of reaching a moderate audience of 18 to 24 year olds (NSMC, 2010, online). Therefore social media such as Twitter and Facebook would provide a simple means of providing weekly tips to students on how to create easy, cheap healthy meals. Tips could also be given on how to choose healthier snacks which cost less, for example by preparing them at home. By tailoring the advice to the motives of the group, which appear to be related to convenience and cost, previous research would suggest that this should be more effective in changing snacking behaviour (Adriaanse et al., 2009, p. 60). The second arm of the national campaign would involve lobbying of the government to introduce regulation on the food choices offered by university campuses, particularly where food is provided as part of an accommodation package. This is based on similar recent moves to improve school meals, which has been suggested to be an effecti ve means of improving diet, even if obesity levels have not yet seen any impact (Jaime Lock, 2009, p. 45). It is also consistent with the data collected in this study, which suggested that access to healthy foods and convenience were major barriers to healthy eating for students. Localised Intervention In addition to the national strategy, a local project aimed at providing food preparation workshops would also be piloted in Manchester. This concept is based on the observation that students mostly select unhealthy choices due to convenience and cost, and may not be aware of ways in which healthy food may also be prepared quickly and cheaply. Previous case studies have shown that these practical activities may be an effective means of reaching this target audience. For example a healthy living project called Up For It, run by Kirklees Council in association with NHS Kirklees, found on surveying young adults aged between 16 and 24 years that interventions which were fun and social were preferred to those which focus too much on health (NSMC, 2010, online). Provision of one-off sessions which provide information on where to eat healthily on campus have also shown some success within the undergraduate population in the US (Pires et al., 2008, p. 12). Based on the budget for the Up For It project, it would be anticipated that approximately  £100 000 would be required to set up and run this local section of the strategy (NSMC, 2010, online). It would be assumed that lobbying and media coverage required as part of the national strategy would be managed by the Department of Health. Conclusions It is clear that there is some truth to the assumption that undergraduate students in the UK live on a relatively unhealthy diet. While the reasons for this may be somewhat complex, convenience and cost appear to play a major role in the diet decisions which are made by this group. It is also clear that many are aware of the health impact which their diet is likely to have, although this is overridden by other factors. Targeting students who recognize the need to change their diet, by providing information on how to prepare healthier food quickly and cheaply, may help to overcome the barriers of cost and convenience, thereby improving health within this population. References Adriaanse, M.A., de Ridder, D.T.D. de Wit, J.B.F. (2009) ‘Finding the critical cue: Implementation intentions to change ones diet work best when tailored to personally relevant reasons for unhealthy eating. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 35(1), 60-71. Arnot, C. (2010) ‘Male students eschew balanced diet in favour of supplements. The Guardian, 9 November 2010. Available [online] from: https://www.guardian.co.uk/education/2010/nov/09/male-students-eating-habits [Accessed 27/03/2011]. Babbie, E.R. (2010) The Practice of Social Research. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, p. 192. Capacci, S. Mazzochi, M. (2011) ‘Five-a-day, a price to pay: An evaluation of the UK program impact accounting for market forces. Journal of Health Economics, 30(1), 87-98. Croezen, S., Visscher, T.L.S., ter Bogt, N.C.W., Veling, M.L. Haveman-Nies, A. (2009) ‘Skipping breakfast, alcohol consumption and physical inactivity as risk factors for overweight and obesity in adolescent s: Results of the E-MOVO project. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 63, 405-412. DH (2008) Social Marketing. Department of Health. Available [online] from: https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publichealth/Choosinghealth/DH_066342 [Accessed 28/03/2011]. Dodd, L.J., Al-Nakeeb, Y., Nevill, A. Forshaw, M.J. (2010) ‘Lifestyle risk factors of students: A cluster analytical approach. Preventative Medicine, 51(1), 73-77. Health Canada (2004) Section 2: Market Segmentation and Target Marketing. Available [online] from: https://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ahc-asc/activit/marketsoc/tools-outils/_sec2/index-eng.php [Accessed 26/03/2011]. HM Government (2010) Healthy Lives, Healthy People: Our strategy for public health in England. London: Public Health England. Available [online] from: http:[email  protected]/* */[email  protected]/* */[email  protected]/* *//documents/digitalasset/dh_122347.pdf [Accessed 26/03/2011]. Jaime, P.C. Lock, K. (2009) ‘ Do school based food and nutrition policies improve diet and reduce obesity. Preventative Medicine, 48(1), 45-53. James, W.P.T. (2008) ‘WHO recognition of the global obesity epidemic. International Journal of Obesity, 32, S120-S126. Kolodinsky, J., Harvey-Berino, J.R., Berlin, L., Johnson, R.K. Reynolds, T.W. (2007) ‘Knowledge of current dietary guidelines and food choice by college students: Better eaters have higher knowledge of dietary guidance. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 107(8), 1409-1413. Lake, A.A., Hyland, R.M., Rugg-Gunn, A.J., Mathers, J.C. Adamson, A.J. (2009) ‘Combining social and nutritional perspectives: From adolescence to adulthood. British Food Journal, 111(11), 1200-1211. Litosseliti, L. (2003) Using Focus Groups in Research. London: Continuum, pp. 70-73. NHS Choices (2010) 5 A Day. Available [online] from: https://www.nhs.uk/livewell/5aday/pages/5adayhome.aspx/ [Accessed 26/03/2011]. Noar, S.M. (2006) ‘A 10-year re trospective of research in health mass media campaigns: Where do we go from here? Journal of Health Communication, 11(1), 21-42. NSMC (2010) Up For It. Available [online] from: https://thensmc.com/component/nsmccasestudy/?task=viewid=156 [Accessed 26/03/2011]. Papadaki, A., Hondros, G., Scott, J.A. Kapsokefalou, M. (2007) ‘Eating habits of university students living at, or away from home in Greece. Appetite, 49(1), 169-176. Pires, G.N., Pumerantz, A., Silbart, L.K. Pescatello, L.S. (2008) ‘The influence of a pilot nutrition education program on dietary knowledge among undergraduate college students. Californian Journal of Health Promotion, 6(2), 12-25. Raulio, S., Roos, E. Prattala, R. (2010) ‘School and workplace meals promote health food habits. Public Health Nutrition, 13, 987-992. Serlachius, A., Hamer, M. Wardle, J. (2007) ‘Stress and weight change in university students in the United Kingdom. Physiology Behavior, 92(4), 548-553. Shepherd, J., Harden, A., Rees, R., Brunton, G., Garcia, J., Oliver, S. Oakley, A. (2005) ‘Young people and healthy eating: A systematic review of research on barriers and facilitators. Health Education Research, 21(2), 239-257. Spanos, D. Hankey, C.R. (2010) The habitual meal and snacking patterns of university students in two countries and their use of vending machines. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, 23(1), 102-107. Stewart, D.W., Shamdasani, P.N. Rook, D.W. (2007) Focus Groups: Theory and Practice – 2nd Edition. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc., pp. 2-9. Tomlin, K.M. Richardson, H. (2004) Motivational Interviewing and Stages of Change. Center City: MN: Hazelden, pp. 14-16. Wyatt, S.B., Winters, K.P. Dubbert, P.M. (2006) ‘Overweight and obesity: Prevalence, consequences, and causes of a growing public health problem. American Journal of the Medical Sciences, 331(4), 166-174. Yahia, N., Achkar, A., Abdallah, A. Rizk, S. (2008) ‘Eating hab its and obesity among Lebanese university students. Nutrition Journal, 7, 32-36.

Impact of Reward System on Employee Motivation - 3826 Words

CREATING EFFECTIVE ORGANIZATION (SECTION: 2) â€Å"IMPACT OF REWARD SYSTEM ON EMPLOYEE MOTIVATION† SUBMITTED TO: SIR RAZA NAQVI SUBMITTED BY: (Group#6) Shazia faiz (MM111119) Zainab Hassan (MM111027) Robeela qayyum (MM103070) DATE: 22 JUNE 2011 â€Å"IMPACT OF REWARD SYSTEM ON EMPLOYEE MOTIVATION† Shazia Faiz, Zainab Hassan Robeela Qayyum Abstract The purpose of the study was to investigate and analyze the impact of reward system on employee motivation and how well the current reward system was helping to generate employee motivation. Employees can be motivated on the job by many things such as intrinsic rewards (recognition, autonomy, responsibility, importance) and extrinsic rewards (pay, promotion, bonus,†¦show more content†¦1-Maslows hierarchy of Needs and goal setting theory: Maslows hierarchy of Needs is a theory of personality that identifies five basic need categories: Self-actualization; Personal growth and development /fulfillment Esteem needs: Achievement, status, responsibility, reputation Social needs: Family, affection, work group, relationships Safety needs: Protection, security, law, limits, stability Physiological needs: Air, food, shelter, sex, sleep, warmth The higher-order needs including belonging, esteem, and self-actualization are not seen important until the lower-order needs which are safety and physiological are satisfied. Its higher order needs strongly complement the topic because when basic needs are satisfied, now individual looks for satisfying his social, esteem and self actualization needs. Motivation is a factor that makes him to excel in life. Management should find out what motivates the employees at each of the levels and develop a reward strategy accordingly. 2-Frederick Herzberg Two factor theory: Second theory bring into consideration is by Frederick Herzberg. His contribution to the management of employee motivation is ‘Two factor theory’ which is subcategorized into ‘hygiene factors’ and ‘motivators’. As hygiene factors do not necessarily motivate the employees, however when there is a lack of, or excess of any one of these factors, there is a chance that the employee may be dissatisfied and demotivated.Show MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Employee Motivation And Customer Retention Essay1634 Words   |  7 Pagesquality, customer loyalty, and work efficiency. 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This Tournament Goes to Eleven - 4982 Words

This Tournament Goes to Eleven 2007 This Packet Has Gone to the Dogs (theme packet) Written by: Delaware (Bill Tressler) Every question will mention a dog somewhere, but answers need not be specifically a dogs name or breed. Tossups 1. One character by this name was a son of Zeus and Niobe who succeeded Apis as king of Phoronea. Another had the labors of freeing Arcadia and killing Satyr, while a third is seen lying neglected on the heaps of mule and cow dung and could not get up to greet those entering. After one of those figures was slain his 100 most famous attributes were placed on the tails of peacocks, as Hera had previously entrusted him to watch Io with his many eyes. The brother of Cerberus and the dog of†¦show more content†¦Subtitled In Search of America, For 10 points, name this work in which the namesake poodle is accompanied by John Steinbeck. ANSWER: Travels with Charlie 7. A 2006 film by this title includes the characters Vaguely Hot Old Chick, Insufferable Prick, and Poseur, and features Keira Leverton administering some deserved smack downs. In a 1995 Connie Chung interview, Newt Gingrich was politically embarrassed after his mother used this word during a Hilary Clinton question. Big Fat and Super King Kamehameha are the kinds that Sheila Broflovski demonstrates in a song by Eric Cartman. For 10 points, name this term whose definitions include an unpleasant person and a female dog. ANSWER: bitch 8. Alcatel-Lucent historically describes it as of unusual simplicity, power, and elegance, a manta repeated by devotees. Some say a dog living near U.C. Berkley who barked when the mail arrived provided the inspiration for its mail notification known as biff. A Y2K-like problem will occur for those using its time, which measures nanoseconds since 1970. Other utilities include tty [T-T-Y], pwd [P-W-D] and chmod [C-H-mod], used to change permissions. 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Politic Science Essay Example For Students

Politic Science Essay Thursday October 24 1929 is a Day that was later known as Black Thursday. Black Thursday was the day a small crash occurred at the New York stockexchange. However Black Thursday Would turn out to be nothing compared towhat awaited America and its economy on the following Tuesday. America was aboutto enter her darkest days the Great Depression. Sena Peterson my greatgrandmother was just an eighteen-year-old young lady living on her fathers cornfarm in Iowa. Far away from New York and the economic problems on Wall Street. Nevertheless, the depression and the falling prices of her farms product wouldsoon affect her in drastic ways the depression would be a hard time forAmericans. Monday October 28, 1929. Was a very dark and gloomy day. Thousands ofBlack Birds landed on Wall Street. The thousand plus birds began to devour anything they could find to eat. Nearly half of the birds never took flight again. Many of the birds died of exhaustion. This was an ominous sign of the dark anddesperate times ahead. America was about to enter its lowest and darkest pointin its short history. My great grandma lived on her farm in Iowa oblivious tothe fact that her life would soon be changing in drastic ways. She had know ideaof what was going on at Wall Street. She had no idea that she was going to haveto move. Her family would soon have to start all over in a new place. TuesdayOctober 29, 1929. This dark day would soon be remembered as Black Tuesday. The day Americas economy would crumble. The day some investors lost everythingeven there will to live and jumped out the windows of high rise buildings. Manypeople believe that the stock market crash was the cause of the depression butthat is not entirely true. Although the two events where closely related. ByAmericans attitude during the 1920s also known as the jazz age. Americansemphasis on having the newest thing or being at the height of fashion was enoughto keep the economy going for most of the 20s but that would no last. Duringthe First World War my great grand mothers expanded to keep up with the demandthe war created. To do this they got a loan from the bank to purchase the needsupplies; machines and the land needed to expand. After the war ended the demandfor corn drastically dropped. Consequently, the farm produced an excess productso the price dropped. My great grandfather now had problems paying the bill andmaking ends meat but he managed for a while. Nevertheless, the l ack of moneywould soon take its toll. The problem with the way America was heading was thatincome was distributed very unevenly and the portion going to the rich gotlarger and larger as the 20s progressed. Corporations started to make biggerand bigger profits yet the profits were not passed on to the workers. Inaddition, in 1926, The Revenue act was passed and it cut taxes by 2/63 for thosewho made over 1 million dollars a year. Because of these trends in 1929, the top.1 percent of American families had a total income equal to the bottom 42percent. That meant that the people who paid attention to the ads couldntafford the new products they wanted. This is when credit was invented. Peopleliked the idea that they didnt have to pay for the product but they still gotto keep it and pay later. Credit only put of they day when consumers accumulatedso much debt that they couldnt buy new products. My Great Great grandfatherhad tried his best to make ends meat but he couldnt make a profit. He couldno longer pay back his loan to the bank so they foreclosed on his farm. My greatgrandmothers family now had no source of income and no where to live for themthis was the lowest point of the depression and her life. However, this whereabout get a lot worse for the Peterson family. Because people could no longerafford to buy things there was an over supply and no demand, so prices began tofall like a rock. So they economy became weak because nobody was making money. .u53c072887ed385938718a4722b8eb26c , .u53c072887ed385938718a4722b8eb26c .postImageUrl , .u53c072887ed385938718a4722b8eb26c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u53c072887ed385938718a4722b8eb26c , .u53c072887ed385938718a4722b8eb26c:hover , .u53c072887ed385938718a4722b8eb26c:visited , .u53c072887ed385938718a4722b8eb26c:active { border:0!important; } .u53c072887ed385938718a4722b8eb26c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u53c072887ed385938718a4722b8eb26c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u53c072887ed385938718a4722b8eb26c:active , .u53c072887ed385938718a4722b8eb26c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u53c072887ed385938718a4722b8eb26c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u53c072887ed385938718a4722b8eb26c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u53c072887ed385938718a4722b8eb26c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u53c072887ed385938718a4722b8eb26c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u53c072887ed385938718a4722b8eb26c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u53c072887ed385938718a4722b8eb26c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u53c072887ed385938718a4722b8eb26c .u53c072887ed385938718a4722b8eb26c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u53c072887ed385938718a4722b8eb26c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Deaf Culture and Alcoholism EssayThis is when stocks began to crash and eventually the whole market crashed. Things began to look a lot worse for the Petersons my great grandmothersfather came down with tuberculoses. The whole Peterson family had to move toColorado so he could get treatment. My great grandmother ended up working in aLevis factory to help pay medical bills as well as her mother. Her brothersworked in other various factories. These events all lead up to the depressionthe stock market crash was the straw that broke the horses back. After the crashfor the next three years things just got worse and worse. Americans attitudeschanged from their happy party like attitudes to a defeat and despair. Stockprices continued to fall, by 1932 they where 20 percent what they where beforethe crash. With little demand many mills and plants closed. They plants thathere still open in 1932 produced only half what they did in 1929. There was noend in sight America looked as if it where in a never-ending downward spiral. The Petersons continued to work in factories to pay for the medical bills. Until her father died. She continued to work in the factory but some of herebrothers joined the Navy. She worked in the factory until she got married in1932 and she started to do housekeeping to make a living while her husbandworked for a chemical company called Dow Chemicals. From 1929 to 1932,unemployment went from 3.2 percent to 24.9 percent. This mean there where 15million unemployed Americans. People who had a job where earning very littlemoney. My great grandmother husband worked for the chemical plant he didntmake enough to support his family wick included there two suns and doughtier. Buster and Glen where the names of there sons. Buster was born in 1930, Glen wasborn in 1933, and their doughtier Janice was born in 1936. Many other familieswhere not as lucky. As people lost their money and their savings, they could nolonger pay their loans and mortgages. Banks began to foreclose on them they losteverything there houses and all. These unemployed homeless people lived inshantytowns in houses made from old crates. These towns would soon be calledHoovervilles because Americans where bitter towards there president. The peopleof America where upset at President Hoover because he refused to give aid to theunemployed Americans. The way my Great Grandmother was living was a sharpcontrast to the way it was just a few years. Yet it was still a tuff time theycould pay the bills and she didnt have to do hard work in factories. They waythe government responded to the depression initially did not help to fix theproblem. President Hoover insisted that prosperity would soon return to America. Hoover was convinced that all he needed to do was to restore peoplesconfidence so that companies would invest and start production again. Hebelieved that this would create more jobs and give people incomes and restorethe economy. Nevertheless, business owners saw no reason to increase productionbecause there shelves where full of unsold items. By 1932, production was lessthat what it had been in 1929. President Hoover also believed that a balancedbudget was the key to restoring the economy. Hoover decided to cut governmentspending and increase taxes. All Hoovers plan did was reduced demand to anall time low. Eventually Hoover provide emergency loans to banks and industrialcompanies. President Hoover also expanded public works and helped states offerrelief. However, his efforts where too little, too late. President Hoover was aself made man and as such he strongly believed in individualism andself-reliance. More and more Americans began to loose their jobs Hoover saidthat mutual self help through voluntary giving was the way to meetspeoples needs. Charities began to be overwhelmed at the number of people thatneeded help. To most people government assistance was the only way to help fixAmericas economic problems. Hoover thought that giving government help wouldundermine recipients self-reliance and he refused to do it the entire time hewas in office. In 1932, there was an election and democrat Franklin DelanoRoosevelt would run against the very unpopular and somewhat hatted PresidentHoover. Many people believed that Roosevelt would win by a landslide and he didin the fall of 1932. Roosevelt was a very confident person unlike Hoover. In hisinauguration speech, he said, The only thing we have to fear is fear itself. Soon Americans spirits would be lifted. Days after his inaugurationRoosevelt called special sessions with congress where there where severalemergency legislation was passed. These new legislation where called The NewDeal The basic idea of the new deal w as to lower the supply of goods to thecurrent depressed level. The New Deal also tried to increase demand by puttinglarge amounts of money into the economy through the Public Works program. ThePublic Works program provided jobs and it built schools dams and roads. The newdeal was not a cure for the depression it acted like a painkiller lessening theburden on Americans and making condition bearable. Unemployment was reduced andframers could now sell their crops for a profit. However, the depression was notover. The depression is thought to be over around the time the Second World Warstarted. The demand the war created helped fix the economy companiese could selltheir products there was now the demand was equal to the supply. The economy wasfixed. America was once more a prospering country.

Legal Positivism free essay sample

A Positivists World: Morality Holds No Place Close to the Heart Islamic law, often known as Shariah law, occasionally contrasts with manys view of what is moral or just. However, when viewed under the light of positivism, all law is divorced from a system of ethics. Legality is not, inherently nor intentionally, compliant with a code of behavior. Law is, as it is created by the ruling class, designed to benefit those in power. Morals and sentiment do not play a role in the government, nor the rules that the government establishes. Legal positivism is a school of thought in the science of law or jurisprudence from the Latin term juris prudentia, which means the study, knowledge, or science of law; or in the United States, it is more broadly associated with the philosophy of law. Positivism was largely thought up of by Jeremy Bentham and John Austin; however, once established the idea of positivism was greatly refined and perfected by H. We will write a custom essay sample on Legal Positivism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page LA Hart. Harts The Concept of Law caused a re-formation of the positivist belief and its interaction with the idea of law and the other principal theories of law. Harts main points that created the modern idea of positivism today are a disagreement of John Austins theory that law is the command of the ruler backed by the threat of punishment. However, what Hart brought up is that not all law is coercive or a command but that some allow those to create contracts or other legal documents. Hart brought to the table that one could argue to be the most important feature of our modern day legal system the idea of primary and secondary laws, or a system in which laws can be judged and overseen by itself. Primary laws are those that provide the rules or guidelines for our society, for example its illegal to steal. While secondary laws outline the reasons of the law and the way in which it should operate, this is called the rule of recognition and states the criteria of validity of a law, it also outlines the problem of rigidity of rules, the third issue the secondary rules address is how to resolve legal disputes. In the Islamic culture, law and state are not divided- Instead, they influence each other quite deeply, each extending greedy fingers into the other. Muslim law contains guidelines and rules for all aspects of life; how to pray, how to treat the dead, punishments, crimes, and even business transactions are all contained within it. There are several major schools of law or jurisprudence for both the Sunni and the Shii facets of Islam; these two being the largest sects of the religion. The Sunni and the Shii are commonly accepted as the biggest factions of a religion that dominates the Middle East. However, the Sunni dominate the Shii in matters of education on jurisprudence and law- Over time, the way these principles should be taught have crystallized into four major schools. Though both factions observe the same religions the main differences between the two boils down into very simple matters on a disagreement on who should have absolute religous authority or the authority of the imam. The other being the manner in which certain laws are interpreted or as it could be seen level of orthodox practices . One could argue that in Islamic culture Shii are generally the more extremists or orthodox of the both. We need to work around the basis that because laws, under the view of legal positivism, are not inherently nor even remotely tied to morality and therefore can not be judged on average moral standards. A law that says â€Å"Unless the wife is ill, the wife is bound to give a positive response to the sexual desires of her husband† is hardly surprising at all. In fact, because Islam is a patriarchal society, the law was almost inevitable if not already generally accepted within the targeted population of the law. Because ethics are not remotely tied to legal issues, a binding set of laws that benefit leadership is an impossibility to avoid, like tax breaks for the rich. The law in question, if viewed in a different light, could be taken as unethical because it turns a blind eye to familial sexual abuse, particularly from husband to wife. In doing this, it would even subtly approve such actions. Although, when examining the legitimacy or reasoning behind the law you have to examine and judge it based upon the system it was made and social norm of both current times and pas. However, with a positivist outlook, it is clear that such a law was nearly inevitable. Islam, as a highly patriarchal society, provides a community where this is easily accepted and integrated and only affects those of â€Å"Afghanistans Shii Muslim community, which makes up about 20% of its 30 million population†. Because morals do not apply to whether laws are just, it would be impossible to avoid acts meant solely to benefit the controlling faction of the group. Therefore, it is ridiculous to imply that a set of ethics and morals can be applied to the rules leadership chooses to enforce especially when within the culture itself those do not find any reason to protest or create any upheaval; because even within a country that suppresses a right to voice and opinion in many ways it cannot be stopped if enough opposition presents itself. Legal positivism is just the idea that we can identify existing law without necessarily judging on its legitimacy or the morality of justness. If that was all it was, the general public can obviously recognize law, even if it is unjust law regardless of its stance within the general population or it morality; but there is the fact that law can be unjust law. This is especially so when law is made by legislative decree. One could argue that there is a something more to legal positivism, and it is this aspect that can arguably have a connection to logical positivism.